03/06/2007

"Hamartia" – O "Pecado" na Carta de Tiago e 1Pe

Na Carta de Tiago (Tg) o termo pecado ou palavras deste derivadas aparece 9vezes (1,15a; 1,15,b; 2,9; 4,8; 5,5; 5,15; 5,16; 5,20a; 5,20b). Na primeira Carta de Pedro (1Pe) a ocorrência é de 7vezes (2,22; 2,24a; 2,24b; 3,18; 4,1; 4,8; 4,18).
Na Carta de Tiago, o tema que domina é o do sofrimento ou prova (peirasmós), que consiste numa prova pesada para alguns membros da comunidade. Para Tiago existe uma certa conexão entre o pecado e o sofrimento, especialmente a enfermidade (5,14-16). Daí resulta a importância que tem o confessar os pecados em ordem à cura. Contudo a prova é uma ocasião para se purificar e antecipar o gozo e a espera escatológicos (1,2-4), que devem configurar toda a existência cristã, pois com ela Deus não pretende nem pode pretender o mal, mas purificar o fiel (1,12-15).
Tiago sublinha a dignidade dos pobres que são destinatários da eleição divina e objecto da bem-aventurança escatológica (1,9.12; 2,5.7ss). Desta convicção de fé brotam consequências determinadas: há que melhorar a condição aqui na terra (4,13ss; 5,4.7ss; 2,5-7). E dado que os ricos não são em absoluto alheios a esta situação de injustiça que vivem os pobres, há que exortar os ricos a que se convertam, denunciando o mal que fazem ao pobre quando os desprezam e maltratam (2,6ss), quando os exploram (5,1-6), recordando-os ao mesmo tempo da caducidade dos bens terrenos (1,10ss).
Na 1Pe Pedro também remete ao sofrimento e à injustiça. Foi pelo sofrimento e pelas Suas chagas que Cristo nos curou do pecado, “Ele levou os nossos pecados no Seu Corpo”(2,24) para que vivamos na justiça. Também os destinatários da 1Pe são convidados a entregar os seus sofrimentos à causa de Cristo, pois “quem padeceu na carne, rompeu com o pecado” (4,1). Nos textos da 1Pe há pelo menos 4 que fazem referência ao sofrimento de Jesus: 2,21; 2,22; 3,18; 4,1a e 4,1b. Contudo os sofrimentos de Cristo são a base das exortações aos seguidores de Jesus para que suportem o sofrimento. Precisamente por este se explica qual foi a atitude de Jesus perante o sofrimento injusto (2,21-25), a fim de que o seguidor de Jesus possa revestir-se da mesma atitude (4,1), quando for perseguido injustamente pelo facto de ser cristão (4,15-16). Não estamos diante do único documento do Novo Testamento que se inspira na vida terrena de Jesus, no entanto a 1Pe apela de forma especialmente incisiva ao sofrimento de Cristo como fundamento da exortação aos cristãos.
Neste contexto e porque estamos diante de uma carta de carácter exortativo, o autor da 1Pe não deixa de apelar ao exercício da caridade. O amor apaga a acção do pecado e toda a sua envolvência (4,8) porque “se o justo dificilmente se salva, o que virá a ser do ímpio e do pecador? Por isso, aqueles que tenham de sofrer segundo a vontade de Deus, encomendem as suas almas ao Criador, que é fiel, perseverando na prática do bem” (4,18-19).

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Belo post como os demais! Não deixarei de vir cá muitíssimas vezes!

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